RECORDING 1
DATE/TIME: 10/april/2004 (10 a.m.) - IDENTIFICATION AND BEHAVIOUR: The bird is perched (not seen) in a thick pine copse with bushes. - POSITION: Near Perotto Lake (an artificial reservoir with a barrage), LAT.N 42°37'/LONG.E 11°15' - ALTITUDE: +70 m. - VOCALIZATION TYPE: typical contact call delivered when perched - SEX/AGE: adult male? - COMMENT: This call is strongly similar to that of Willow warbler, but it is less bitonal. - MIC: (A)
recording 1 (191 KB) - * - spectrogram 1 (14 KB)
RECORDING 2
DATE/TIME: 10/april/2004 (11 a.m.) - IDENTIFICATION AND BEHAVIOUR: Probably the same bird as above is cached into the same pine copse. - POSITION: Near Perotto Lake (an artificial reservoir with a barrage), LAT.N 42°37'/LONG.E 11°15' - ALTITUDE: +70 m. - VOCALIZATION TYPE: Full song. - SEX/AGE: adult male - MIC: (A)
recording 2 (188 KB) - * - spectrogram 2 (18 KB)
RECORDING 3
DATE/TIME: 14/february/2007 (7 a.m.) - IDENTIFICATION AND BEHAVIOUR: The bird is singing while it is hopping and flying between the branches of a big oak. Probably it is looking for food. - POSITION: Poderone near Magliano in Toscana, LAT. N. 42 36' /LONG. E 11 16' - ALTITUDE: +120 m. - VOCALIZATION TYPE: Full song. - SEX/AGE: adult male - COMMENT: Background sounds: Robin and Sardinian warbler calls. - MIC: (A)
recording 3 (392 KB) - * - spectrogram 3 (60 KB)
RECORDING 4
DATE/TIME: 3/august/2007 (9 a.m.) - IDENTIFICATION AND BEHAVIOUR: The bird - not seen - is perched in a thick mixed wood (mainly oak). - POSITION: Mount Penna near Selvena, LAT. N. 42°46' /LONG. E 11°39' - ALTITUDE: +800 m. - VOCALIZATION TYPE: Typical contact call. - SEX/AGE: unknown - COMMENT: Background sounds: wind and tree leaves. - MIC: (P)
recording 4 (360 KB) - * - spectrogram 4 (48 KB)
RECORDING 5
DATE/TIME: 17/september/2008 (7 p.m.) - IDENTIFICATION AND BEHAVIOUR: The bird - not seen - is cached in a small copse with shrubs and deciduous trees. - POSITION: Near Mount Labbro, LAT. N. 42 48'/ LONG. E 11 33' - ALTITUDE: +900 m. - VOCALIZATION TYPE: A bitonal variant of the contact-alarm call. - SEX/AGE: unknown - COMMENT: This kind of variant call is reported also by Bergmann & Helb (Die stimmen der Vogel Europas) and by Cramp (The Birds of the Western Palearctic - Vol. 6). Background sounds: sheep bells. - MIC: (P)
recording 5 (220 KB) - * - spectrogram 5 (32 KB)
RECORDING 6
DATE/TIME: 8/february/2009 (4 p.m.) - IDENTIFICATION AND BEHAVIOUR: The bird - not seen - is cached in a deciduous wood (mainly oak). - POSITION: Poderone near Magliano in Toscana, LAT. N. 42 36' /LONG. E 11 16' - ALTITUDE: +120 m. - VOCALIZATION TYPE: contact call. - SEX/AGE: unknown - COMMENT: This bird has a call more similar to that of Willow warbler (check Recording 2 for that species), but see the different harmonic structure and the less prominent bitonal modulation. - MIC: (P)
recording 6 (488 KB) - * - spectrogram 6 (40 KB)
RECORDING 7
DATE/TIME: 14/april/2008 (7 a.m.) - IDENTIFICATION AND BEHAVIOUR: The bird - not seen - is cached in a mixed wood. - POSITION: Near Perotto Lake (an artificial reservoir with a barrage), LAT.N 42°37'/LONG.E 11°15' - ALTITUDE: +70 m. - VOCALIZATION TYPE: full song. - SEX/AGE: adult male - COMMENT: Note the high variability of the syllable structure. - MIC: (P)
recording 7 (468 KB) - * - spectrogram 7 (48 KB)
RECORDING 8
DATE/TIME: 8/february/2009 (4 p.m.) - IDENTIFICATION AND BEHAVIOUR: The bird - not seen - is perched on the border of a forest. Zone with uncultivated land, vineyard, olive groves, deciduous forest. - POSITION: Poderone near Magliano in Toscana, LAT. N. 42°36' /LONG. E 11°16' - ALTITUDE: +120 m. - VOCALIZATION TYPE: contact call. - SEX/AGE: unknown - COMMENT: Very tipical series of calls with a clearly visible harmonic component. Background: Blue tit and Hooded crow - MIC: (P)
recording 8 (516 KB) - * - spectrogram 8 (57 KB)
RECORDING 9
DATE/TIME: 31/march/2011 (11.30 a.m.) - IDENTIFICATION AND BEHAVIOUR: The bird - not seen - is perched in a thick maquis of a rocky sea coast near a panoramic road. - POSITION: Cala Moresca, Monte Argentario (GR), LAT. N. 42°25' /LONG. E 11°05' - ALTITUDE: +170 m. - VOCALIZATION TYPE: contact call. - SEX/AGE: unknown - COMMENT: A slightly different call variant: an irregular hooked shape and no visible harmonics. It is relatively similar to the Recording n 5. Time interval between calls has been reduced in this audio sample (see spectrogram time axis). - MIC: (P)
recording 9 (198 KB) - * - spectrogram 9 (21 KB)
RECORDING 10
DATE/TIME: 8/may/2014 (4.20 p.m.) - IDENTIFICATION AND BEHAVIOUR: The bird - not seen - is perched in an old deciduous forest at the border of the delta dunes. - POSITION: Letea, Danube Delta, Romania, LAT. N. 45°15' /LONG. E 29°34' - ALTITUDE: 0 m. - VOCALIZATION TYPE: full song. - SEX/AGE: adult male - COMMENT: The audio sample is part of a longer recording (see spectrogram time axis). Note the relatively variable shape of the song syllables. Background: Greenfinch, Silvidae. - MIC: (P)
recording 10 (512 KB) - * - spectrogram 10 (63 KB)
RECORDING 11
DATE/TIME: 15/january/2016 (5 p.m.) - IDENTIFICATION AND BEHAVIOUR: The bird - well in sight - is perched on the top of tamarisk hedgerow at the edge of a river floodplain area. - POSITION: Ombrone river near Alberese (GR), LAT. N. 42°40' /LONG. E 11°03' - ALTITUDE: 0 m. - VOCALIZATION TYPE: contact call. - SEX/AGE: unknown - COMMENT: Typical call series with a wrong call at 1.3 second (see spectrograms). - MIC: (P)
recording 11 (571 KB) - * - spectrogram 11 (52 KB)
RECORDING 12
DATE/TIME: 22/july/2018 (4.30 p.m.) - IDENTIFICATION AND BEHAVIOUR: The bird - in sight - calls while it is perched near the ground in a small bush of a mixed mountain forest. Nearby there is a second Chiffchaff which calls too. - POSITION: Grotta del Sassocolato near Castell'Azzara (GR), LAT. N. 42°46' /LONG. E 11°41' - ALTITUDE: +880 m. - VOCALIZATION TYPE: alarm (?) call. - SEX/AGE: adult bird sex unknown - COMMENT: The call series of this bird shows a quick repetition rate, a quite short call duration and an anxious behaviour. Probably it is an adult Chiffchaff near its nest site or near a fledged young. Note at 47 s a "wrong" call (see spectrogams). This audio sample is part of a longer (4') recording (see spectrogram time axis). - MIC: (P)
recording 12 (674 KB) - * - spectrogram 12 (96 KB)
RECORDING 13
DATE/TIME: 17/june/2022 (4.15 p.m.) - IDENTIFICATION AND BEHAVIOUR: Two birds - in sight - are perched on two spruces in a thick coniferous forest near a mountain village. - POSITION: Near Tires (Bolzano), LAT. N. 46°28' /LONG. E 11°31' - ALTITUDE: +1200 m. - VOCALIZATION TYPE: adult full song and not yet "crystallized" song of a young bird. - SEX/AGE: adult male and young male (not "crystallized" song) - COMMENT: A juvenile male is learning from an adult singing bird. The song phrases of the juvenile bird show an uncertain rhythm and pitch and wrong syllables mixed with nearly right ones. This is an intermediate learning phase, where the song is not yet "crystallized" in its final right pattern (see spectrograms for details). - MIC: (P with Tascam DR 100 MKIII)
recording 13 (1079 KB) - * - spectrogram 13 (170 KB)